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John Buridan (d. 1361) was one of the most talented and influential philosophers of the late Middle Ages. His fame extended far into the seventeenth century and underwent a revival in the twentieth century, when the French physicist Pierre Duhem rediscovered his manuscripts and wrote studies about them. So far, very few of Buridan's works have been edited. Two different questions commentaries on Aristotle's De generatione et corruptione by Buridan have been preserved. They originated in his classroom. Neither of them has ever been edited. This book presents a critical edition of the question commentary that survived in the greater number of manuscripts, and which was particularly popular at Central European universities. Medieval and Early Modern Science , 14

Science --- Philosophy of nature --- Aristotle. --- Buridan, Jean, 1300-1358. --- Philosophy, Medieval. --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Sciences - General --- Science - Early works to 1800 --- Philosophy of nature - Early works to 1800 --- Aristotle. - De generatione et corruptione

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The term ad vivum and its cognates al vivo , au vif , nach dem Leben and naer het leven have been applied since the thirteenth century to depictions designated as from, to or after (the) life. This book explores the issues raised by this vocabulary and related terminology with reference to visual materials produced and used in Europe before 1800, including portraiture, botanical, zoological, medical and topographical images, images of novel and newly discovered phenomena, and likenesses created through direct contact with the object being depicted. The designation ad vivum was not restricted to depictions made directly after the living model, and was often used to advertise the claim of an image to be a faithful likeness or a bearer of reliable information. Viewed as an assertion of accuracy or truth, ad vivum raises a number of fundamental questions in the area of early modern epistemology – questions about the value and prestige of visual and/or physical contiguity between image and original, about the kinds of information which were thought important and dependably transmissible in material form, and about the roles of the artist in that transmission. The recent interest of historians of early modern art in how value and meaning are produced and reproduced by visual materials which do not conform to the definition of art as unique invention, and of historians of science and of art in the visualisation of knowledge, has placed the questions surrounding ad vivum at the centre of their common concerns. Contributors: Thomas Balfe, José Beltrán, Carla Benzan, Eleanor Chan, Robert Felfe, Mechthild Fend, Sachiko Kusukawa, Pieter Martens, Richard Mulholland, Noa Turel, Joanna Woodall, and Daan Van Heesch.

Lexicology. Semantics --- Classical Latin language --- History as a science --- historiography --- visual resources --- graphic arts --- Europe --- Art --- Latin language --- Historiography --- Resemblance (Philosophy) --- Visual communication --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Similarity --- Identity (Philosophical concept) --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Graphic communication --- Imaginal communication --- Pictorial communication --- Communication --- Historical criticism --- History --- Authorship --- Art, Occidental --- Art, Visual --- Art, Western (Western countries) --- Arts, Fine --- Arts, Visual --- Fine arts --- Iconography --- Occidental art --- Visual arts --- Western art (Western countries) --- Arts --- Aesthetics --- Historiography&delete& --- Terminology --- Terms and phrases --- Criticism --- Art, Primitive --- Terminology. --- Terms and phrases. --- History.